36. Bainbridge, William S. and Rodney Stark. "Cult Formation: Three Compatible Models." Sociological Analysis 40 (4), 1979: 283-95.

Secularization is self-limiting since it leads to the emergence of cults (religious innovations) where churches are weak and to sects (schisms) where churches are strong (Barker, 1986: item 56).

There are three models: psychopathology, entrepreneurship, and subculture evolution. These are compatible because of compensators and social exchange.

37. ---. "Sectarian Tension." Review of Religious Research 22, 1980b: 105-24.

Following up on Benton Johnson (1963), the authors attempt to operationalize his concept of "tension" between a religious group and its context, finding that their measures reflect a high index of it in groups seen as sectlike, which supports Johnson's typology. These authors define tension as expressed in the extent of difference of the group in question from society; mutual antagonism between them; and separation of the group. They adduce survey results purporting to support their position.

38. ---. "Friendship, Religion and the Occult: A Network Study." Review of Religious Research 22 (4), 1981a: 313-27.

Religion and supernatural beliefs are significant for interpersonal relationships only when backed by a strong movement organization.

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