71. Beckford, James A. and Martine Levasseur. "New Religious Movements in Western Europe." In New Religious Movements and Rapid Social Change edited by James A. Beckford. Paris and Beverly Hills, CA: UNESCO and Sage Publishers, 1986: 29-54.

An overview of NRMs in Europe. As they occur there, all are imports, generally from the US. They were widely seen as a conspiracy against the establishment. Their long-term significance is their tests of "the limits of toleration" of normal conduct and of state involvement in religion. The NRMs embarrass governments by taking part in politics and running businesses.

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