A
Abbey of Christ the King 679
Abravenel, Don Isaac (Kabbalist) 616
Abyss, ultimate, in literary fashions 445
Access in recruitment 439
Accommodation
and symbolic reciprocity
641
movement's strategies
toward 641
Acculturation xxvi, 173,
604
and revitalization
593
as evolution 711
Asian responses
to 632
bilateral 209
folk belief in
525
in the service
of rebellion 531
nature of 709
sacred center
motif in 447
sleeping hero
motif in 446
stress in 711
universality of
170, 379,
407
Acculturation theory 5,
407, 602,
inadequacy of
398
and syncretism
543
Action-patterns, types of 787
Adesina, Muhammad Jumat (Yoruba Mahdi) 215
Adso of Montier-en-Dur (French prophet) 476
Adventists, Caribbean 147
Aesthetic theory 569,
678
Aetherius Society 719
African movements, types of 461
African Orthodox Church 252
Ahmad, Muhammad (Sudanese mahdi) 130
Åkerblom, Maria (Swedish prophet) 103
Al Dajjal (Islamic antichrist) 130
Aladuras, Yoruba 543
Alice Movement 619
Alienation
and millennialism
382
motivating factor
786
negotiation of
577
vs. anomie 322
Alpha et Omega movement 679
American civil religion 18,
20, 21,
81-83, 293
defined 19
theory, critique
of 727
Anabaptism 300
Analogies vs. homologies 449
Ananda Cooperative Village 520
Anarchists, Andalusian 348
Animal language and shamanism 589
Animalism
and sacred ecstasy
232, 234
Anomie 5
Anthropology of experience 446
Antichrist
controls money
490
derivation of
477
European Union
and490
in contemporary
society 242, 490
in medieval dissent
literature 418
myths of 118,
264
Anti-cult movement, bigotry of 487
Antinomianism 768
Antiochus IV (Syrian despot) as Antichrist 447
Anti-structure and ecstasy 508.
See also Communitas, Liminality
Apocalypses
ambiguity of 779
and utopianism
387
and Western dualism
14
as authentic visions
661
as end-determined
fictions 385
attributes of
Jewish 182, 255
esoteric lore
in 118
generic features
of 12, 183,
184
knowledge in Jewish
306
literary 217
nuclear 321
medieval, and
later movements 451
modern 386,
445
overview of 185
Persian influence
on Jewish 767
rhetoric of 748
science fiction
as 748
secrecy of 12
traditional 118
UFO encounters
as 574
Zodiac in 409
Apocalypticism
American 779
among missionaries
308
as source of messianism
306
in contemporary
culture 738
Jewish 182,
306
Apostasy
and commitment
72
defined 626
process of 367
social basis of
360
Apostates as deprogrammers 626
Apostles of Infinite Love movement 362
Arianhdit's movement 357
Arnold, Matthew (English author) and modern apocalypses
445
Art, apocalyptic imagery in 478
Artes moriendi 23
Asceticism, millenarian 400
Ashkenazim and millenarism 616
Assembly, The 325
Astrological symbolism in Revelation 409
Astrology 486
fused with millenarism
156
Atrocity stories
and deprogramming
644
as effective polemic
626
Austin, David (American prophet) 196
Authority
delegation deflects
resentment 373
foreign, legitimizes
ideas 461
Moses's 562
Awakenings, great 480,
481, 498
diagnosed by millenarism
59
Aztec empire 404
Return to top
B
Baalism 13
Babism, millenarism in 638
Baha'i 638
BaKongo (African tribe) 16
Banoenaek, Maria (Timorese spiritist) 127
Baptism as basis of African-American religion 252
Behaviorism 33
and conversion
736
Belief
central to legends
204
closed system
of 254, 283,
439
coherence in 553
in healing rituals
420
inconsistency
in not problematic 553
invalidated by
explanation 357
lacks external
justification 456
maintenance of
439
mass vs. elite
186
more natural than
doubt 640
nature of 129
orthodoxy, predictors
of 272
personal relationships
and 187
resiliency of
640
rejection of 456
secondary elaboration
of 254
sociological fact
of 539, 647,
753
substantiated
by denial 692
supernatural and
childhood experience 646
systems of 114
tests of 321,
398, 503,
647
unconditional
456
Berg, David B. ("Moses David", American prophet)
721
charisma of 725
Birsa Munda (Indian prophet) 5
Black Coyote (Ghost Dance leader) 391
Black Jews 252
Bo and Peep movement (AKA Heaven's Gate) 42,
44, 89
defection from
45
Boehm, Jacob (German mystic) 683
Bolsheviks
ideology 459
and sexual license
231
Brainwashing xxxi
absent from NRMs
181
and evil eye beliefs
323
as core issue
in hostility to NRMs 74
critique of 55
ideology of in
Anti-Cult movements 126
ineffectiveness
of 364
rhetoric of 72
studies of 576
theory 128,
316
universal in polemical
rhetoric 190
Brethren of the Free Spirit 177,
179, 381, 417
Bridge-building in defection 45
Britain and national destiny 458
British Millerites 97
Brotherhood of the Sun 686
Brown, John (American abolitionist)
influence on tribal peoples 249,
482, 586
Buddhism, soteriology in 462
Bureaucracy
charismatic 288,
504, 753
vs. patriarchy
732
Return to top
C
Cagoule movement 219
Calvinism as non-millenarian 155
Campbell, Alexander (American reformer) 290
Campbell, Mary (English prophet) 619
Cao Dai movement 340
Cargo
as salvation 685
disproportionate
value of 647
fulfills prophecy
636
irrelevance of
561
Cargo cult "madness" and mythic continuity 446
Cargo cults 93,
391, 470
as regimes of
truth 434
big man system
in 175
critique of theories
of 647
depend on guilt
141
emotionalism in
647
formation process
647
functionalism
fails to account for 371
history and 446
history of 162
hypotheses about
whites in 371
in relation to
exchange 134
paranoia in 604
political reform
and 482
rationality of
247
reappearance of
following failures 371
regional unity
and 371
status and 663
theories of 370
typology of 364
western goods
in 289
world renewal
motif in 233
Carnival, anti-structure in 509,
734
Catharism, psychopathology of 625
Catholic Apostolic Church 619.
See also Irvingites
Change
personal and social
in millenarism 711
social, as context
for NRMs 75
Chanjiri's movement 620
Charisma
alien to modernity
688
ambiguity of 429,
542, 732
antinomianism
and 547
anti-structure
and 732
arises in latency
structures 682
as process 548,
769
as social construct
268
as total conviction
484
as trust 753
attributes of
688, 769
becomes tradition
769
cannibalism and
422
contexts for the
emergence of 62, 688
conversion and
416
covenant and 562
danger and 268
de-alienation
and 62
defined 622,
726
dependency and
373
dilemmas of 373,
375
epilepsy legitimates
204, 732
evokes hatred
688
exclusively sacred
605
extraordinary
needs and 732
failure of 529,
618
female 602
Hasidic 261
in churches 89
in communes 775
in Hasidism
617
in sects 89
in traditional
societies 753
index of attributes
138
instability of
732
institutional
90, 622
interactional
nature of 155, 592,
753
irrationality
legitimates 482
kyphotic posture
legitimates 105
literacy and 268,
542
marginality of
753
miracles and xxviii,
373
neutrality of
688
opposition and
675
patrimonial authority
and 675
perception of
xxviii, 732
political 226,
605
potentially destructive
250
psychopathology
of 398
rationality of
371
routinization
of 675
situational 688
spirit possession
178, 422
self-defeat in
675
social integration
and 658
sustained by erratic behavior 439, 482, 547
test of 592
total devotion and 727
unpredictability
of 688
vs. deviance 5
Charismatic bureaucracy 288,
504, 753
Charismatic demand, concept of 753
Charismatic leaders as heros 732
Charismatic tradition of origin 769
Cheyenne tribe and the Ghost Dance 303
Children as valid prophets 519
Children of God movement 199,
243, 721
structural changes
in 723
Chilembwe, John (African prophet) 433,
586
motives of 586
prophetic career
of 586
suppositious psychology
of 586
Chiliasm defined 602
Chitawala-Kitawala movement 620
Cho, Rev. Yonggi (Korean prophet) 170
Chreod defined 423
Christadelphian movement 670
Christianity
as a "package
deal" 308
as millenarism
273, 365
diversity in 433
divisions of early
275
historical context
of earliest 431
promises of eternal
life taken literally 308
secret lore in
308, 482,
692
Church of Satan movement 10
Church Universal and Triumphant 224
Church-sect typology 89,
116, 206,
294, 577
attacked 227,
366
value of 372.
See also Yinger, Milton
Churchill, Winston 688
Clarkson, Lawrence (English prophet) 179
Class and power-oriented movements 500
components of
439
and maintenance
of faith 439
religion as 356
Cognitive dissonance
as causative xxvi,
398
as researcher's
problem 640
Cognitive dissonance theory 254,
439, 785
and secondary
elaboration 321
as mere common
sense 187
critique of 783
Cold War, millenarism in 109
Colonialism xix
ambiguity of 16
and displacement
41
Commitment xix
acculturation
and 414
alienation and
786
among recruits
786
as forcing God's
hand 482
as investment
416
as test of belief
503
"bridge-burning"
as 254, 286,
416
conversion and
383
components of
345, 416
cult formation
and 484
dimensions of
256
humiliation in
416
modes of 416
religion and 284
sectarian politics
and 368
surrender as 743
types of 384
Communes, North American 775
Communism
appeal of 459
as millennial
384
Communitarianism and demodernization 361
Communitas xx,
508, 695,
696, 698. See also
Liminality, Anti-structure
and pilgrimage
508
in millenarism
416
Compensation theory
critique of 219
devalues religion
287
Compensator theory xxxvii,
35, 36,
648, 650, 653
critique of 44,
262, 727,
728
Competition in American religion 497
Complex marriage at Oneida 529
Composition, formulaic in Spiritual sermons 585
Comte, Auguste (French philosopher) 121
Concerned Relatives (anti-cult movement) 315
Confraternity of the Kingdom of Christ 679
Consciousness, altered states of in religion 117
Conseilhero movement (AKA Canudos)195,
205, 549
Consensus in communes 775
Consistency in religion 553
Contestado movement 205,
549
Conversion
perception of
passivity in 454
as attack on tradition
314
as sudden leap
89
as total personality
change 540
compensators
theory and 649
critique of process
theory 440
facilitating factors
of 758
follows participation
123
friendship and
439
medical model
of 72
motivation theory
and 123
motives for 706
neurological bases
of 425
organization opposes
524
personal choice
in 454, 664
problem-solving
rhetoric in 439
process theory
36, 72,
220, 323,
439, 454,
607
psychological
view of 220
re-socialization
in 88
revision of the
past in 42
rewards of 439
stages of 91
studies of 578
therapeutic value
of xviii, 44
trivial reasons
for 687
universal readiness
for 484
vs. attraction
786
Converts' careers 439
Conviction, therapeutic value of xviii,
711
Coppe, Abiezer (English prophet) career 179
Correspondence, doctrine of in folklore 328
Cosmologies
African 357,
472, 473
American 109,
332, 458
Ghost Dance
249
indigenous 569
Joachimist 555
Maoist 564
Melanesian 364,
371, 604
traditional 222
Counterculture
anomic, and NRMs
679
communitas in
508
symbolism in 113
Coups d'etat, sources of 688
Criminalization as legitimating device 491
Crises
timing of 394
and recourse to
myths 456
Crisis cult, defined 398
Criticism, mutual, at Oneida 529
Cult
defined 513,
560
formation of 300,
560
ideal type of
151
meaning of 366
Cults
carriers of cultural
"genes" 40
deception characteristic
of 243
deviance in 560
polemic against
466
theories of 371
typology of 366,
707
vs. churches 240
vs. sects 571,
716-718, 722
Cultural theory 483
Culture, Freudian theory of 397
Culture crisis and institutions 228
Culture shock theory 352
Cursillo movement 402
Curve of rising action 647
Return to top
D
D'Aurillac, Gerbert (Pope Sylvester II) 244
Dahlén, Ruth (Swedish mystic) 380
Date-setting as heresy 587
De la Vega, Garcilaso (Inca author) 709
Death
as relative deprivation
574
meaningful and
rebellion 303, 482,
586
Defensiveness and encapsulated groups 628
Déima movement 291
history of 391
DeLaurence, William Lauron (American magician) 238
Demonic element in religion 448
Denominational affiliation and cognitive organization 555
Denominations
and religiosity
311, 312
as social type
372
vs. sects and
cults 465
Deobandi movement 24
Deprivation. See also Relative deprivation
and conversion
296
necessary but
insufficient cause 294
types of 294
Deprogramming
and atrocity stories
644
and witch hunts
627
as brainwashing
323
supported by Anti-Cult
movement 126
Deviance
allocations of
246, 218
as movement strategy
497
as self-definition
497
Dialectic
as closed system
459
as explanatory
principle 459
Diggers 49,
210
Dipanagara, Prince (Javanese prophet) 3
Disaster
as millennial
context 17, 58,
638
syndrome 58,
713
Disciples in relation to leaders 301,
688
Disconfirmation, strategies for dealing with 413
Dissent, religious and millennial prophecy 418
Divination
defined 699
principles of
356
Divine Light Mission 220,
265, 554
Divinity, acceptable claims to 739
Doctrine
appeal of logical
coherence in 73
as unrealistic
783
Donatist movement 131,
132
and religious
suicide 580
Drama
curve of rising
action in 300
millennium as
xxix, 647
Dramatization as legitimating device 491
Dualism
in belief systems
xxx
innovative in
apocalypses 306
Duvalier, François and Jean-Claude (Haitian dictators)
688
Return to top
E
Eckhardt, Meister (German mystic) 683
Ecology movement, apocalypticism in 600,
748
Economics in Melanesian cosmology 364
Edwards, Jonathan (American divine) 136,
657
millennialist
thought of 656
Egalitarian politics, contradictions in 507
Elema tribe 175
Encounter movement 336
ahistoricity of
757
and Pietism 527
End of the world, images of, as schizophrenic 430
English Panacea Society 619.
See also Southcott, Joanna
Ephemeral movements, American 377
Epp, Claas Jr. (Mennonite prophet) 76
Eschatology
African-American
248
and types of religion
52
Christian; surveyed
137
consonant with
modernity 684
ecology movement's
600
early Christian
27
fundamentalist,
and nuclear arms 735
Hasidic 597
Islamic 635,
674
Jehovah's Witnesses'
460, 544,
785
Jewish 319,
597
liberal 494
Marxist 782
medieval 565
Nation of Islam's
261, 460
necessity of xxix,
385
new-world pioneers'
236
progressivist
97, 137
schizophrenic
430
types of 106,
353
Eschaton equal to creation 403
est as moral mediator 681
Evangelism, growth of through retention 95
Expressiveness as salvation 753
Extended families and millenarism 546
Return to top
F
Failure
as success in
millennial thought 439
cultural repertoires
of 783
explanation of
783
Faith
and face 413
crisis in among
junior clergy 79
maintenance of
439
Family of Love 39,
518. See also Manson,
Charles, Manson Family
Fang (African tribe) 16
Fard, D.W. (American prophet) 94
Farm, The 336
Father Divine Peace Mission 139,
245, 252
Feminism, sources of 423
Fieldwork
difficulties in
453, 581
methodology 573
Fifth Monarchy Men 210
Fin de siecle, history of 603
Folk belief
Mormon 191
not precluded
by church membership 310
systems of 107
Folk ideas and traditional cosmology 222
Folk psychiatry, overview of 388
Folk religion
attributes of
749
defined 774
vs official 111
Folklore
and millennialism
568
and scientific
fact 358
and social change
568
Christian elements
in 133
Neo-Platonism
in 328
Formulaic composition 585
Fourth Philosophy movement 431
Fox, Robert (English prophet) 44
Franciscan Spirituals 476
and millennialism
552
Frank, Jacob (Jewish prophet) 598
Fresh contact 46
Freud's views of religion 235
Full Gospel Central Church 170
Functionalist theories
defects in 371
in the sociology
of religion 153
Fundamentalism
Christian 46,
115
Islamic 24
Funeral Rites and millennialism 108
Fusion in ritual and theology 68
Future, the. See also Time, Cosmologies
in African cosmology
472
in Joachimist
cosmology 555
nature of 574
Futurology, psychology of 471
Return to top
G
Garrison, William Lloyd (American abolitionist) 302
Garvey, Marcus (Jamaican prophet) 491
influence on black
movements 731
Gedatsu-Kai movement 223
Gemeinde defined 675
Gender roles, inappropriate 103
Ghandi's charismatic tactics 548
Ghost Dance 157,
249, 258,
376, 496,
703,
antecedents of
645
as quest for power
461
BIA and 501
cosmology of 249
cultural significance
of 419
history of 391
Navajo tribe
343, 534
prophetic process
and 532
revives tradition
419
Pawnee tribe
534
Sioux tribe
534
recollections
of 303
suppositious Mormon
influence on 174
white views of
534
Glossolalia. See also Trance
and personality
"improvement" 450
and trance 369
as performance
363, 369
commitment and
345
cross-cultural
similarities in 298, 299
guiding myth in
345
interpretation
of 345
learning of 121
not pathological
570
psychology of
570
temporal process
of 300
typology of 469
Gnosticism
and totalitarianism
733
in early Jewish
literature 182
vs. Christianity
301
God, western ideas of 295
Grace, Daddy (American prophet) 12
Grid and group typology 564
Guru Maharaj Ji (Indian guru) 265
Gush Emunim movement 30
Gusii (tribe) 768
Return to top
H
Handsome Lake (Seneca leader) 703
and mazeway resynthesis
712
prophetic career
712
Quaker influence
on 712
Hasidism 740
Hau Hau movement 3.
See also Pai Maire
Healers and patients 420
Healing as legitimate medicine 214
Hegel, G.W.F. 259
Heresiology as invariant polemic 190
Heresy
and dissent 418
as choice 710
as treason to
God 710
impurity of 689
politics of 710,
784
Heretics, attributes of 689
Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn 679
Himes, Joshua V. (American movement leader) 26,
378
as abolitionist
302
Hinduism as world religion 614
Hippie movement, contradictions in 508
and totalism 508
History
meaninglessness
of 607
in the rhetoric
of NRMs 757
Hitler, Adolf 122
as charismatic
figure 268, 502,
548
Hoa Hoa movement 340
Holiness Church and rituals of spiritual growth 395
Holy Apostles Church 65
Holy Water movement 392
Homeorhesis, defined 423
Honmichi movement 623
Hope and imagination 211
Huichol tribe 508
Human Potential movement
as millennial
384
as shamanism 659
Huniyan, cult of 526
Hussites, history 381
Huxley, Aldous 557
Return to top
I
Ideal Types, sterility of 73
Identity work 395
Ideology
as cultural system
283
as pathological
283
sociology of 621
Idiosyncracy credit 641
Individualism in ideas of death 23
Influence, demographic measures of 739
Influence, religious and interaction 745
Information and structure 449
Inquisition, history of 689
Institutionalization Introduction
in modernity 362
problems of 524
Institutions
and "latency
structures" 682
anti-institutional
558
defined 88
interdependency
of 67
legitimization
of 88
Integration, social levels of 658
Intelligentsia as movement leaders 682.
See also Peasants
Interest theory 283
International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)
624
Inversion, symbolic as corrective feedback 31
Iroquois masking tradition 105
Irvingite movement 11.
See also Catholic Apostolic Church
and relative deviancy
577
Islam 10,
13
African 357
contexts of renewal
in 24
seen as cult 466
Return to top
J
"Janiformity" and world renewal 231
Jehovah's Witnesses 73
and doctrinal
change 665
and Nazis 389
in the Caribbean
362
influence on African
movements 433
revise prophecies
335
Jesus 44
as millenarian
prophet 274
second coming
of, in Islam 130
Jesus People movement 4,
46
as research subjects
581
Jewish Defense League 563
Jews, Messianic 563
Jihads in American history 423
Joachim of Fiore 242,
475, 476, 565
influence of 567
third dispensation
242, 476
Job, Book of 306
John Frum movement 233,
753
history of 391
Jones, Jim 297,
572, 580.
See also Peoples' Temple, Suicide,
religious
Jonestown 203.
See also Peoples' Temple, Suicide,
religious
antecedents of
580
caused by brainwashing
314
wide awareness
of 56
Judaism 13
Jung-Stilling, Johann Heinrich (Austrian novelist) 76
Jurieu, Pierre (French prophet) 210
Return to top
K
Kakistes See Kimbangu
Kaliai tribe 188
Kanwama's movement 620
Karma, nature of 553
Keresan pueblo 334
Kerista movement 336
,A NAME=Kimbangu>Kimbangu movement 41
history of 391
Kimbangu, Simon (African prophet) 16,
753
Kinesthetics and social movements 602
King Ludwig the German 77
King Philip II as Inca savior 709
King, Dr. George (English prophet) 719
Krishnamurti 679
Return to top
L
La Palma Sola movement 362
Lactantius (church father) 476
Lakwena movement 515
Latency structures 682
Leader
begins revitalization
711
interdependent
with movement 688
Leary, Timothy (American guru) 408
Lee, Mother Ann (English prophet) 619.
See also Shakers
as the second
coming 266
Legend
belief and 204
factual basis
of 201
Legitimacy
deep vs. consensual
734
pluralistic 717
Legitimization, preparation as 364
problems of 124
Lenin, V.I. as secular messiah 502,
688
Levellers 210
Levites 34
Levitt, Samuel (utopian novelist) 285
Liberation, symbolic, in cargo cults 446
Liminality. See also Communitas
concept of 695,
696
in millennialism
143, 416
sustains a movement
317
Litch, Josiah (American prophet) 6
Lofland, John critique of methodology
29, 189,
453. See also Network
theory
Love, instability of 775
Lovebombing (Unification Church recruitment technique) 88,
440
Loyola, Ignatius and role theory 380
LSD movement 408
Luria, Isaac (Kabbalist) 740
Lyndon B. Johnson movement 145
Return to top
M
Machiavelli, Nicolo and anti-utopianism 259
Magic 10
belief in 687
essential to salvation
752
Mahdi (Islamic messiah) 130
Mahikari movement 362
Maji Maji movement 5,
357
Mamaia movement 561
Manhattan Project 7
Manson, Charles 39,
518. See also Family
of Love.
and mysticism
776
Mansren movement 233
Marginality
and legitimization
551
and the prophetic
career 586
innovates 697
symbols of 221
Martyrdom and rebellion 586
Marx, Karl 297,
688
Marxism
as inversion of
Roman Catholicism 782
as religion 294,
295, 782
Mather, Cotton (American divine) 657
Matswa, Andre (African prophet) 41
Mazeway 44,
666
and learning theory
449
and role theory
380
concept of 711,
712
critique of 58
disintegration
and shock 713
resynthesis 712
McCarthy, Eugene:
movement as compromise sect 577
Mechanic preachers 210
Meher Baba movement 19
Melville, Herman 86
Men in Black and UFOlogists 583
Mennonites, Russian 76
Mesmerism as source of social anomalies 61
Message, religious, concreteness of 524
necessarily relevant
524
Messiahs as alien 619
Messianic idea, history of 575
Messianism
Brazilian 154,
547
defined 403
in relation to
mysticism 740
Inca 531
Jewish 85,
598
religious vs.
revolutionary 225
types of 546
Methodism basis of African-American religion 252
Millenarism
a category of
failure 209
absent in Mennonitism
76
absurd 741
African 433
ambiguous 259,
400, 502,
670
American 128,
458, 467
American revivals
and 639
as heresy 259
as paradigm shift
396
as political 769
as pre-political
549, 670
as value-added
process 633
awakenings and
59
basis of American
Civil religion 333, 423
Brazilian 205,
545, 569
Ceylonese 462
collectivity and
727
contexts of 602
creativity of
78, 502
defined 177,
329, 403,
588, 602,
672, 726
diagnostic of
awakenings 59
emotionalism in
670
English Puritanism
and 176, 400
factors in 177
French sources
of American 208
general problems
in 58
healing and anti-witchcraft
in 461
in American cosmology
109, 332,
458
in the English
civil war 339, 759
inconsistent beliefs
in 196
indigenous 462
indistinct from
revolution 596
Japanese 104,
623
Javanese 704
Jewish 616
medieval 178
Mormon 119,
523
not marginal 610
overview of studies
of 144, 601,
602, 634
political activism
and 400
primitive vs.
modern 638
primordial time
in 607
progressivism
and 701
psychopathology
and Introduction, 58,
584
Puritan, as historiography
176
radicalism and
176
rationality of
371
recapitulates
history 143
religious vs.
revolutionary 505
revivals and 59,
87, 270
Russian and Bolshevism
504
social context
of 219
subordination
in 593
sustained by mundane
events 439
system of symbolic
action 207
tradition and
424
typology of 502,
670
ungeneralizable
371
universality of
292
utopianism and
58, 329,
400
vs. demotic religion
749
vs. nationalism
341
Millennium
ambiguity of 155
as counterculture
613
contexts of Introduction
failure of 261
Judaeo-Christian
ideas of 702
liminality in
143
nature of 143
restores creation
230
transition between
orders 65
Miller, William (American prophet)
as abolitionist
302
career of 213,
378
self-doubts 378
Millerism 15,
25, 97
Abolitionism and
302
British 97
defense of 516
demography of
587
fanaticism in
606
heresy in 213
history of 25,
97, 147
in relation to
Adventism 149
insanity in 522
modern propaganda
in 587
opposition to
643
orthodoxy of 587,
591
Miracles, manipulated 753
Mission des Noirs. See
Kimbangu
Missionaries
ideas of in Melanesia
371
promise material
reward 308
Mita movement 362
Mnao, Juliana (Timorese spiritist) 127
Modernization
and religion Introduction
defined 588
Monasticism
as rebellion 260, 506
history of 260
Monetary system controlled by Antichrist 490
Money
and millenarism 143
and unitary value 588
Monotheism and secularization 588
Moon, Sun Myung (Korean prophet) 57,
126, 170,
491, 582,
666. See also Unification
Church
Moorish Science Temple of America 252
Morality and deviance mutually definitive 218
Morality theories, critique of 308
Moravians 210
Mormonism 14,
191
as modern religion
216
as unamerican
and hyper-american 342
Motifs
acclamation 748
amulets 515,
563
ancestor-worship
464
Angel Pope 566
apocalyptic 184
archaic 305
axis mundi
232
Bible, first page
removed 692
book, divine,
secrecy of 692
brainwashed appearance
43
computer ("The
Beast") as Antichrist 490
conversion 437
cosmic anxiety
619
culture-hero 423
el monte
as generalized home 464
end of the world
as political symbol 150
fire guards paradise
232
"43ism"
in Millerite belief 213
from Revelation
in Nazism 122
going home 464
golden age, Chinese
110
Götterdämmerung
708
Guinée
as generalized home 464
identity 248,
457
in black nationalism
100
inversion, in
carnival, festivals etc. 13
journey 693
king as savior
709
Last Judgement
in Western art 10
Last World Emperor
418
leveling of mountains
432
literacy and secrets
692
Luanda as generalized
home 464
medieval and modern
folklore 669
migration 2
national destiny,
British 458
papal Antichrist
242
portentous symmetry
267
powerful secret
knowledge 692
primordial purity
607
rebel angels 306
religious defined
89
religious in Marxism
782
resentment 502
return and history
230
return in Afro-American
song 464
return of culture
hero 156, 167,
403, 446,
447, 452
revenge 547,
685
sacred center
447
secret Christian
lore 692
sexual in religions
32
666 490
surprise in cargo
cults 289
T'ai P'ing
611
third dispensation
in Nazism and Communism 242
thirty-six just
men 598
ultimate abyss
445
unchanging apocalyptic
748
withdrawal 2,
382
women as sources
of evil 463
world renewal
231
world renewal
in schizophrenia 181
world reversal
172, 267,
463, 631
world-rejection
80
wrong thinking
104
year reversal
631
Motivations, uniform and demagoguery 715
Motives
and religious
membership 366
mixed in religion
524
Mt. Sinai Holy Church of America 252
Movements
and change Introduction
appeal of judged
786
as fads 758
as rectification
636
context for charisma
688
drama in 421
development of
344
growth of 688
interdependency
of 193
power-oriented
500
reasons for failure
of 521
religious, characteristics
of 506
social implosion
in 727
types of 502,
752
values vs. survival
in declining 489
within organizations
777
Muspilli (medieval poem) 77
Mystagogue 719
Mystical experience
and personal religion
354
attributes of
557
types of 557
vs. prophetic
677
Mystical groups, sociology of 366
Mysticism
and evil 776
in relation to
messianism 740
Jewish 597
sociological views
of 89
Mystics, medieval as neurotics 493
Myth-dream, concept of 141
Myths
and rebellion
586
and ritual 488
as records of
millenarism 711, 714
biological bases
of 194
charismatic authority
and 750
culture-bringer
and prophetic careers 399
discrepant reality
in 283
guiding Introduction,
601
in Brazilian millenarism
510
incongruities
as keys to 636
legitimization
of 456
nature of 409
Native Americans
as lost ten tribes 119
Nero as Antichrist
477
of the return
of the dead 233
origin of peyote
557
performance of
and power 607
recourse to in
crisis 194
religious as last
resort 380
structural analysis
of 412
Tiamat 118
twentieth century
as especially critical time 385
Return to top
N
Naked cult 231,
234
Narcissism among cultists 528
Nasser, Gamel 688
Nathan of Gaza (Sabbatean leader) 783
Nation of Islam 94,
248, 731
eschatology of
261
National Rifle Association Introduction
as conservative
movement 294
Native American Church
history of 556
new interpretation
of Christianity 692. See
also Peyotism, Myths.
Nativism
defined 435
19th-century American
282
syncretism in
407
typology of 435
western 435
Navajo tribe 2
and the Ghost
Dance 343, 534
Naziism 122,
288
and Christian
sects 389
millennial 259
Near-death experience as prophetic vision 482,
574, 711,
712
and conversion
effect 778
medieval and modern
compared 778
Negativity, objects of 685
Network theory Introduction,
19, 38,
39, 624
and conversion
642. See also Lofland,
John
Neurobiology
and prophets 690
and ritual 700
New Harmony (American socialist community) 521
New Left and relative deviancy 577
New religious consciousness theory
refuted 486
Newton, Sir Isaac 257
Nirvana transcends God 776
Nixon, Richard 57
Nixon, William (English prophet) 612
Noise, The (Melanesian movement) 482
Noyes, John Humphrey (American prophet) 61,
77, 423, 529
biographical sketch
of 350
NRMs
American, overview
of 487
and world order
772
brainwashing absent
181
characteristics
of 39
client centered
100
common features
of 780
counterculture
and 681
crisis
of community and 180
cultural hostages
757
distribution of 655
ethics in 680
gender roles in
8, 9
heuristic value
of 53, 724
legitimacy problems
in 124
ideas of history
757
importance of
770
in Nigeria 474
in the 1960's
152
legitimacy issue
59
media and 626,
757
membership as
deviant 35
moral accountability
in 101
narcissistic 189,
744
novelty of 758
new religious
consciousness in refuted 486
opposition and
conflict of interest 125,
126
paranoid leadership
in 727
pre-political
588
psychiatry and
278
psychological
dependence absent in 277
redundant populations
and 588
rhetoric of 757
significance of
660
social hostility
towards 74
sociological stereotyping
of 73
sociology of 34,
35, 36,
53, 73,
578, 579
surveys of 99,
771
threaten the middle
class 190
Nuclear Death Cult 7
Numerology
and dating the
End 631
folk 267
Return to top
O
Obere Okaimi Church 3
Obreros conscientes (Spanish
anarchist leaders) 348
Occult
and millennial
progressivism 479
and secularization
of the demonic 683
as source of modernity
683
as technological
alternative 454
as technology
of esoteric lore 683
Cagoule
movement and 683
Carbonari movement
and 683
conversion to
454
establishment
468
Freemasons and
683
groups, attributes
of 683
Illuminati and
683
Ku Klux Klan and
683
literature 468
Négritude movement and
683
New Age and 279
playfulness of
687
reasons for conversion to 687
romanticism and
683
revival of 229
revival and millenarism
279
Sinn Fein
and 683
Surrealism and
683
Symbolist movement
and 683
Young Italy
and 683
Old Believers and religious suicide 580
Olivi, Peter John (Franciscan leader) 140
Oneida community, failure of 529
Oneiromancy in folklore 328
Open marriage, sources of 423
Opposition, arousal of 188
Order of the Star in the East 679
Organizations, movements in 332
Origin, charismatic tradition of 769
Ouija, cult of 560
Owen, John (English socialist) 210
Return to top
P
Padre Cicero movement 154,
205, 545,
549
Pai Maire movement 5.
See also Hau Hau
Paliau (Melanesian prophet) 391,
482, 586
marginality of
482
Paliau's movement (New Fellow Fashion) 482,
586
Papahurikia movement 561
Paradigm shift theory and millenarism 269
Paradise
ideas of Introduction
myths of 232
presence of, and
cargo cults 257
Paranoid ethos 604
in cargo cults
604
rationality of,
in colonial societies 586
Parker, Quanah (American prophet) 556
]Past, revision of in conversion 416
Patronage and Brazilian movements 549
Paulsen, Norman (American prophet) 686
Pawnee tribe and the Ghost Dance 534
Peace Mission movement 63
Peasants, politically sophisticated 58,
431, 596.
See also Intelligentsia
Peli movement 470
Pentecostalism 12,
17, 349
and socialization
to central values 202
apocalyptic prophesy
in 402
Catholic, history
of 330
in a Keresan
pueblo 334
networks in 517
structural properties
of 286
survey of 349
Peoples' Temple 169,
373, 572.
See also Jones, Jim, Jonestown.
as postapocalyptic
314
as total institution
314
sanity in 572
sexual degradation
in 588
use of capitalist
tactics 315
Perfectionism 61,
423
prefigured in
Ranter doctrine 77
Performance
in healing 420
theories of Introduction
Peter Principle in religious organizations 524
Peyotism, North American 359. See also Native
American Church
Pilate, Pontius (Roman procurator) 121
Pilgrimage, exploration as 447
metaphor of history
567
Pluralism and success of movements 325
Plymouth Brethren 619
Poma de Ayala, Felipe Guaman (Spanish author) 709
Popular religion, American 749
Post-millenarism 135,
619
and American ideology
559
contradictions
in 499
defined 329
doctrine of 200
persistence of
559
Predestination, folk ideas of 600
Prediction
limits to 603
nature of 574
Pre-millenarism 135,
148, 619
Primal Therapy movement 336
Process Church of the Final Judgment 39
Progress as anti-Christian 776
Progressivism
and millenarism
390, 701
based on folk
ideas 530
unmeasurable goals
of 558
Prophecy
American interpretations
of 135
apocalyptic in
early Christianity 676
as dramatic dialogue
677
consequences of
failure 787
constraints on
146
failure of 670
forged 519
Hebrew, as a profession
146
Islamic 50
Jewish, modern
versions of 12
legitimization
of 482
nature of 444
not disconfirmable
787
performance of
595
political nature
of 444
popular, and legend
612
popular, and propaganda
612
pseudepigraphy
in 28
rhetoric of 28
secondary elaboration
of 15, 206,
335
social model of
539
types of 89
vs. science 102
vs. mystical experience
677
Prophet Dance 645.
See also Ghost Dance
Prophet, Elizabeth Clare (American bore) 224
Prophet, Hebrew, vs. Egyptian vizier 47
Prophetic careers 76
Prophetic movements as creative 403
Prophetic process and the Ghost Dance 532
Prophets
as alienated 502
as paranoid 397
attributes of
Hebrew 146
children as 519
emergence of 58
Hebrew 11,
90, 737
Hebrew, and trance
550
Hebrew, as neurotic
550
marginality of
Introduction, 205
nature of Introduction
not necessarily
charismatic 444
peripheral 550
reasons for failure
of 50
self-doubt 50,
378
social placement
of 28
types of 760
vs. leaders 688
Proselytization strategies and tactics 439
Protean man, theory of 361,
428
Protestantism
apocalypticism
in 401
popular 241
Proudhon, P.J. (French socialist) 297
Psychological analysis of cultists 212
Psychopathology theory 296,
316, 435,
584, 629
critique of 17,
51, 145,
219, 250,
272, 337,
693, 786
tested 644
Puritans 86
as political revolutionaries 729
Return to top
Q
Quakers 49
Return to top
R
Radicalism 102,
417
Rajneeshee movement 89,
166, 615
Ranters 49,
179, 210
Rastafarianism 731
history and ideology
362
marijuana sacrament
692
Rationalization theory, critique of 746
Reagan, Ronald (American actor) 753
Realism, symbolic 581
Reality, 176
as socially constructed
88
competing versions
of 88
Rebirthing movement 336
Recruitment, access in 439
Recruits, commitment among 786
Reductionism 678
critique of 54,
569, 672
forced 573
Redundancy, human 588
Relative deprivation theory Introduction,
2, 5,
12, 35,
48, 58,
602, 769
and Pentecostalism
349
and perceptions
of social structure 500
circularity of
720
critique of 564,
601, 645,
678, 720
devalues religion
287
inadequacy of
347
tautology of 287.
See also Deprivation
Religion
as rationalization
746
attributes of
456, 587
cause of change
287
competencies of
769
competition in
American 497
conjectural origins
of 335
conservative 287
consistency in
553
demotic 749
Durkheimian view,
inadequacy of 410
failure of 84
imitation legitimates
105
interaction with
socialism 350
innovates in society
682
inquiry in 427
interdependent
with politics 143, 688
integrative 322
merely expressive
102
monopoly destroyed
91
overview of Native
American 703
public rhetoric
of 13
rationalization
of 69
reactionary 773
source of social
innovation 682
stabilizes society
682
stories and 326
supernatural definitive
of 769
transformative
322
types of 322,
730
ultimate meaning
in 648
varying emphases
in 455
vs. "new"
religion 322
vs. hypotheses
456
worship in, and
methodology 691
Resocialization in millenarism 416
Revelation
defined 699
neurological bases
of 425
transforms the
prophet 482
Revelation, Book of analyzed 251
Revitalization theory 5,
711
Revitalizations
anti-feminism
in 463
pagan, in Russia
463
stages of 19
structure of 700
vs. shamanism 659
Revivals, American, and millenarism 639.
See also Awakenings
Revolution
and millennialism
58
context of 198
English, history
of 339
Rewards of conversion 439
Rhetoric, anti-cult 190,
563, 626,
739
Ritual
as controlled
dysfunction 363
as performance
284
characteristics
of 68
defined 100
faulty categories
of 78
legitimate reversal
in 734
marginals innovate
697
mechanization
of 524
musical communication
in 464
neurobiology in
700
percussion and
transition 511
sociology of 112
trance and 426
Rivial, Leon (Allan Kardec) magician 393
Role orientation, defined 115
Role suction 58
and charismatic
demand 753
Role theory 43,
380, 747
and conversion
123
and glossolalia
351
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 688
Rosencreutz, Christian (CRC) legendary prophet 679
Rosicrucian order 286
Return to top
S
Sabbatai Zevi (Jewish messiah) 599,
740, 783
Sabbatean movement 599,
740
Sacralization
defined 70
of society 514
Sacred, double nature of 447
Sacrifice, self-validating 188
St. Augustine 131
as Manichean 260
St. Paul 44
conversion of
Introduction
Saint-Simon, C.H.R. (French socialist) 297
Saint-Simonism as charismatic movement 375
Salafiyya movement 10
"Salesman"
as problematic
Introduction
as secondary movement
leader 64
Salmon, Joseph (English prophet) 179
Salvation
and reciprocity
415
worldly, in millenarism
670
Santa Claus as popular symbol 111
Satanists 495.
See also Church of Satan
Savonarola 476
Saya San movement 5
Science
and religious
feeling 746
Communism's underpinning
459
replaces religion
295
vs. religion 356
Science Fiction 171
Scientists 7
Scientific bricolage 366
Scientology
in relation to
the community 325
influences on
746
transformation
from cult to sect 718
Scripture produced to replace the Bible 692
Sebastianismo (Portuguese messianism)
510
Secondary elaboration 485,
785
Secrecy
conspicuous 416
religious, and
tribal peoples 692
Sectarian meaning systems 89
Sects. See also Cults
and social tension
651
culture accommodates
to 371
puritanism of
294
societies accommodate
to 372
theory of 89,
554
typology of 751
Secularization
arguments for
754
consequences of
688
self-limiting
36, 652
theory 727
theory, critique
of 206, 313
Seekers and Seeking Introduction,
42, 52
attributes of
439
entails undefined
goals 42
process of 42
Seizures unite movement 482
Self-description and religious paradigms 694
Self-stigmatization as legitimating device 491
Seneca nation 712
Sephardim and millenarism 616
Serrurier, Pierre (English millenarian) 270
Seventh-Day Adventists 362,
619, 675
Sexual license
accusations of
81, 190,
768
and world renewal
231
in millennial
movements 143
Shakers 619
chastity among
266
doctrine 266
eschatology 266
history 266
importance of
770
influences on
210
Shaman
career parallels
prophet's 19, 436
vs. seer 436
Shamanism 422
animal language
in 589
charisma and 422,
630
epilepsy and 732
dramatic techniques
in 168
glossolalia and
469
hallucinogens
and 324
in Human Potential
movement 659
in Japanese millenarism
104
paradise in 232
schizophrenia
and 630
Sicarii movement 431
Sierra Club Introduction
Signatures, doctrine of in folklore 328
Signs of the End
always present
492
contemporary 304,
467
Sikhism 637
Simon Magus (legendary magician) and esoteric Christianity
692
Sio Vili movement 561
Sioux tribe and the Ghost Dance 534
Smith, Joseph (American prophet
as culture hero
423
biography of 280
Social change
inadequate predictor
of movements 772
ideology of 328
theory 682
Social construction of reality theories 88
reviewed 267
Social Contract vs. kingdom of God 259
Social implosion 727
Social order, transmission of 88
Social organizations, movements in 777
Social structure theory 219
Socialism
and religion 297,
521
American, history
of 521
Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia 679
Society, sacralization of 514
Sociology
constituents of
578
historical 158
Sociology of religion 654
as study of error
318
overview of 514
stereotyping in
37
Southcott, Joanna (English prophet) 355,
619
Space in typologies of religion 89
Spirit possession and charisma 422
Spiritualism
argot in 781
attributes of
457
cross-cultural
comparison of 457
Puerto Rican 393
Timorese 127
Stella Matutina Order 286
Storefront Churches, black, as revitalizations 327
Story movement 188
Strain theory 17,
37, 283
Stress, individual vs. social 711
Structures, mediating 92
Subjectivity, socialization of 336
Sufi movement 24
Suicide
and opposition
217, 314,
315
hastens redemption
315
religious 580
Supernatural definitive of religion 769
Swedenborg, Emmanuel (Swedish prophet) 44
Symbols
and cross-level
congruity of meaning 283
and marginal innovators
697
nature of 409
religious 32
in the Human
Potential Movement 659
Syncretism
and revitalization
711
creativity in
Introduction, 63
critique of 543
denies innovation
287
in African movements
41, 667,
768
in black religion
338
in Caribbean movements
362
in religion 309
identification
with place in 41
Jewish 767
mediated identity
in 474
varies with time
404
Return to top
T
Taiping Rebellion 110
effectiveness
of 596
Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre (French theologian) 235,
748, 776
Tenshi-kotai-jingu-kyo (Dancing
Religion) 413
Thatcher, Margaret 753
Theories congruent with success of movements 672
Theosophy movement 679
Therapy
in millennialism
and institutions 416
theories of 6
Thomas of Erceldoune (English prophet) 452
Time. See also Cosmologies
conceptions of
411
foreshortened
564
in Melanesian
cosmology 371, 604
in poetry 385
linear in millenarism
670
primordial in
millenarism 607
Timor, spiritism in 127
Tnevnoc cult 124
Tokoyo no Kami movement as cargo
cult 239
Townsend movement 489
Tradition
and Javanese millenarism
705
and messianism
549
and millenarism
569
not opposed to
modernity 309
Trance
and collectivism
668
and glossolalia
298
home as metaphor
of 464
in millennialism
117
neurological bases
of 425, 426
techniques of
426
types of 117
Transcendental Meditation 35
Transcendentalism and mysticism 557
Trends, cultural 96
Tupi-Guaraní tribe 236,
502
Two Moons (Cheyenne chief) 303
Typologies
inadequacy of
Introduction, 392
models of 392
of movements 637,
330, 727,
772
of religion 227,
322
Return to top
U
UFO encounters as apocalypses 574
Unification Church Introduction, 18,
19, 51, 52, 55, 57,
123, 126,
170, 439.
See also Moon, Sun Myung
apostasy from
644
as American Civil
Religion 582
dogma 666
failures to recruit
24
in relation to
the community 325
"lovebombing"
in 88, 673
recruitment techniques 88, 673
synthesism in
541
theology of 16
turnover rate
72
United House of Prayer for All People 252
Utopian literature 171
and apocalypse
387
as fairy tales
287
Utopias
and millennialism
Introduction, 259,
329
and socialization
607
as fairy tales
387
characteristics
of 387
socialist 521
Return to top
V
Values
charisma of 769
normative in attacks
on NRMs 320
Vedanta as satanic 776
Visionaries, pseudonymity of 184
Visions
automatic 712
as near-death
experience 712
conversion and
711
element of story
Introduction
in apocalypses 661
psychotherapy and 594, 711
recital as performance
482
shaman trances
and 301
shock and 711
social value of 662
structure of 711
validated by unlikely
visionaries 484
vs. religious
paranoia 711
Voodoo, attributes of 362
Return to top
W
Wahabiyyah movement 24
Wapi (Manus visionary) 482
Watts, Alan (American mystic) 557
Weber, Max 62,
89, 226,
310
charisma theory
375, 688
critique of 73
Weissenberg, Herr (German healer) 528
Wesley, John and role theory 380
West, the, insatiability of 629
Whiston, William (follower of Newton) 257
White Bull (Cheyenne chief) 303
White, Ellen G. (American prophet) 262,
619, 675
Whitman, Walt 557
Wilson, Jack 281.
See also Ghost Dance, Wovoka
Wirikuta tribe, pilgrimage of 509
Wisdom literature, attributes of Jewish 182
Witchcraft
accusations of
495
and charisma 422
and frustration
495
Witnessing, researchers' resistance to 573
Women
and relative deprivation
theory 421
in movements 22,
177, 421
Mormon and visions
120
sexually deprived
493
sources of evil
463
Woodstock as communitas 508
Work, Melanesian ideas of Europeans' 371,
692
World Messianity movement 317
Wovoka (Ghost Dance founder) 501
as marginal prophet
281
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X
Y
Yakan movement 357
Yali's movement 142
Yaruro tribe 404
Year 1000
as the millennium
244, 263
panic of 244,
492
Year 2000 14
as date of the
End 261, 684
Yinger, Milton and typologies of religion 116,
577. See
also Church-sect typology
Young, Brigham (Mormon leader) 423
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Z
Zayn (failed Muslim prophet) 50
Zealots 121,
431
Zen Buddhism as satanic force 776