A
Abbey of Christ the King 679
Abravenel, Don Isaac (Kabbalist) 616
Abyss, ultimate, in literary fashions 445
Access in recruitment 439
Accommodation
and symbolic reciprocity
641
movement's strategies
toward 641
Acculturation xxvi, 173,
604
and revitalization
593
as evolution 711
Asian responses
to 632
bilateral 209
folk belief in
525
in the service
of rebellion 531
nature of 709
sacred center
motif in 447
sleeping hero
motif in 446
stress in 711
universality of
170, 379,
407
Acculturation theory 5,
407, 602,
inadequacy of
398
and syncretism
543
Action-patterns, types of 787
Adesina, Muhammad Jumat (Yoruba Mahdi) 215
Adso of Montier-en-Dur (French prophet) 476
Adventists, Caribbean 147
Aesthetic theory 569,
678
Aetherius Society 719
African movements, types of 461
African Orthodox Church 252
Ahmad, Muhammad (Sudanese mahdi) 130
Åkerblom, Maria (Swedish prophet) 103
Al Dajjal (Islamic antichrist) 130
Aladuras, Yoruba 543
Alice Movement 619
Alienation
and millennialism
382
motivating factor
786
negotiation of
577
vs. anomie 322
Alpha et Omega movement 679
American civil religion 18,
20, 21,
81-83, 293
defined 19
theory, critique
of 727
Anabaptism 300
Analogies vs. homologies 449
Ananda Cooperative Village 520
Anarchists, Andalusian 348
Animal language and shamanism 589
Animalism
and sacred ecstasy
232, 234
Anomie 5
Anthropology of experience 446
Antichrist
controls money
490
derivation of
477
European Union
and490
in contemporary
society 242, 490
in medieval dissent
literature 418
myths of 118,
264
Anti-cult movement, bigotry of 487
Antinomianism 768
Antiochus IV (Syrian despot) as Antichrist 447
Anti-structure and ecstasy 508.
See also Communitas, Liminality
Apocalypses
ambiguity of 779
and utopianism
387
and Western dualism
14
as authentic visions
661
as end-determined
fictions 385
attributes of
Jewish 182, 255
esoteric lore
in 118
generic features
of 12, 183,
184
knowledge in Jewish
306
literary 217
nuclear 321
medieval, and
later movements 451
modern 386,
445
overview of 185
Persian influence
on Jewish 767
rhetoric of 748
science fiction
as 748
secrecy of 12
traditional 118
UFO encounters
as 574
Zodiac in 409
Apocalypticism
American 779
among missionaries
308
as source of messianism
306
in contemporary
culture 738
Jewish 182,
306
Apostasy
and commitment
72
defined 626
process of 367
social basis of
360
Apostates as deprogrammers 626
Apostles of Infinite Love movement 362
Arianhdit's movement 357
Arnold, Matthew (English author) and modern apocalypses
445
Art, apocalyptic imagery in 478
Artes moriendi 23
Asceticism, millenarian 400
Ashkenazim and millenarism 616
Assembly, The 325
Astrological symbolism in Revelation 409
Astrology 486
fused with millenarism
156
Atrocity stories
and deprogramming
644
as effective polemic
626
Austin, David (American prophet) 196
Authority
delegation deflects
resentment 373
foreign, legitimizes
ideas 461
Moses's 562
Awakenings, great 480,
481, 498
diagnosed by millenarism
59
Aztec empire 404
Return to top
B
Baalism 13
Babism, millenarism in 638
Baha'i 638
BaKongo (African tribe) 16
Banoenaek, Maria (Timorese spiritist) 127
Baptism as basis of African-American religion 252
Behaviorism 33
and conversion
736
Belief
central to legends
204
closed system
of 254, 283,
439
coherence in 553
in healing rituals
420
inconsistency
in not problematic 553
invalidated by
explanation 357
lacks external
justification 456
maintenance of
439
mass vs. elite
186
more natural than
doubt 640
nature of 129
orthodoxy, predictors
of 272
personal relationships
and 187
resiliency of
640
rejection of 456
secondary elaboration
of 254
sociological fact
of 539, 647,
753
substantiated
by denial 692
supernatural and
childhood experience 646
systems of 114
tests of 321,
398, 503,
647
unconditional
456
Berg, David B. ("Moses David", American prophet)
721
charisma of 725
Birsa Munda (Indian prophet) 5
Black Coyote (Ghost Dance leader) 391
Black Jews 252
Bo and Peep movement (AKA Heaven's Gate) 42,
44, 89
defection from
45
Boehm, Jacob (German mystic) 683
Bolsheviks
ideology 459
and sexual license
231
Brainwashing xxxi
absent from NRMs
181
and evil eye beliefs
323
as core issue
in hostility to NRMs 74
critique of 55
ideology of in
Anti-Cult movements 126
ineffectiveness
of 364
rhetoric of 72
studies of 576
theory 128,
316
universal in polemical
rhetoric 190
Brethren of the Free Spirit 177,
179, 381, 417
Bridge-building in defection 45
Britain and national destiny 458
British Millerites 97
Brotherhood of the Sun 686
Brown, John (American abolitionist)
influence on tribal peoples 249,
482, 586
Buddhism, soteriology in 462
Bureaucracy
charismatic 288,
504, 753
vs. patriarchy
732
Return to top
C
Cagoule movement 219
Calvinism as non-millenarian 155
Campbell, Alexander (American reformer) 290
Campbell, Mary (English prophet) 619
Cao Dai movement 340
Cargo
as salvation 685
disproportionate
value of 647
fulfills prophecy
636
irrelevance of
561
Cargo cult "madness" and mythic continuity 446
Cargo cults 93,
391, 470
as regimes of
truth 434
big man system
in 175
critique of theories
of 647
depend on guilt
141
emotionalism in
647
formation process
647
functionalism
fails to account for 371
history and 446
history of 162
hypotheses about
whites in 371
in relation to
exchange 134
paranoia in 604
political reform
and 482
rationality of
247
reappearance of
following failures 371
regional unity
and 371
status and 663
theories of 370
typology of 364
western goods
in 289
world renewal
motif in 233
Carnival, anti-structure in 509,
734
Catharism, psychopathology of 625
Catholic Apostolic Church 619.
See also Irvingites
Change
personal and social
in millenarism 711
social, as context
for NRMs 75
Chanjiri's movement 620
Charisma
alien to modernity
688
ambiguity of 429,
542, 732
antinomianism
and 547
anti-structure
and 732
arises in latency
structures 682
as process 548,
769
as social construct
268
as total conviction
484
as trust 753
attributes of
688, 769
becomes tradition
769
cannibalism and
422
contexts for the
emergence of 62, 688
conversion and
416
covenant and 562
danger and 268
de-alienation
and 62
defined 622,
726
dependency and
373
dilemmas of 373,
375
epilepsy legitimates
204, 732
evokes hatred
688
exclusively sacred
605
extraordinary
needs and 732
failure of 529,
618
female 602
Hasidic 261
in churches 89
in communes 775
in Hasidism
617
in sects 89
in traditional
societies 753
index of attributes
138
instability of
732
institutional
90, 622
interactional
nature of 155, 592,
753
irrationality
legitimates 482
kyphotic posture
legitimates 105
literacy and 268,
542
marginality of
753
miracles and xxviii,
373
neutrality of
688
opposition and
675
patrimonial authority
and 675
perception of
xxviii, 732
political 226,
605
potentially destructive
250
psychopathology
of 398
rationality of
371
routinization
of 675
situational 688
spirit possession
178, 422
self-defeat in
675
social integration
and 658
sustained by erratic behavior 439, 482, 547
test of 592
total devotion and 727
unpredictability
of 688
vs. deviance 5
Charismatic bureaucracy 288,
504, 753
Charismatic demand, concept of 753
Charismatic leaders as heros 732
Charismatic tradition of origin 769
Cheyenne tribe and the Ghost Dance 303
Children as valid prophets 519
Children of God movement 199,
243, 721
structural changes
in 723
Chilembwe, John (African prophet) 433,
586
motives of 586
prophetic career
of 586
suppositious psychology
of 586
Chiliasm defined 602
Chitawala-Kitawala movement 620
Cho, Rev. Yonggi (Korean prophet) 170
Chreod defined 423
Christadelphian movement 670
Christianity
as a "package
deal" 308
as millenarism
273, 365
diversity in 433
divisions of early
275
historical context
of earliest 431
promises of eternal
life taken literally 308
secret lore in
308, 482,
692
Church of Satan movement 10
Church Universal and Triumphant 224
Church-sect typology 89,
116, 206,
294, 577
attacked 227,
366
value of 372.
See also Yinger, Milton
Churchill, Winston 688
Clarkson, Lawrence (English prophet) 179
Class and power-oriented movements 500
components of
439
and maintenance
of faith 439
religion as 356
Cognitive dissonance
as causative xxvi,
398
as researcher's
problem 640
Cognitive dissonance theory 254,
439, 785
and secondary
elaboration 321
as mere common
sense 187
critique of 783
Cold War, millenarism in 109
Colonialism xix
ambiguity of 16
and displacement
41
Commitment xix
acculturation
and 414
alienation and
786
among recruits
786
as forcing God's
hand 482
as investment
416
as test of belief
503
"bridge-burning"
as 254, 286,
416
conversion and
383
components of
345, 416
cult formation
and 484
dimensions of
256
humiliation in
416
modes of 416
religion and 284
sectarian politics
and 368
surrender as 743
types of 384
Communes, North American 775
Communism
appeal of 459
as millennial
384
Communitarianism and demodernization 361
Communitas xx,
508, 695,
696, 698. See also
Liminality, Anti-structure
and pilgrimage
508
in millenarism
416
Compensation theory
critique of 219
devalues religion
287
Compensator theory xxxvii,
35, 36,
648, 650, 653
critique of 44,
262, 727,
728
Competition in American religion 497
Complex marriage at Oneida 529
Composition, formulaic in Spiritual sermons 585
Comte, Auguste (French philosopher) 121
Concerned Relatives (anti-cult movement) 315
Confraternity of the Kingdom of Christ 679
Consciousness, altered states of in religion 117
Conseilhero movement (AKA Canudos)195,
205, 549
Consensus in communes 775
Consistency in religion 553
Contestado movement 205,
549
Conversion
perception of
passivity in 454
as attack on tradition
314
as sudden leap
89
as total personality
change 540
compensators
theory and 649
critique of process
theory 440
facilitating factors
of 758
follows participation
123
friendship and
439
medical model
of 72
motivation theory
and 123
motives for 706
neurological bases
of 425
organization opposes
524
personal choice
in 454, 664
problem-solving
rhetoric in 439
process theory
36, 72,
220, 323,
439, 454,
607
psychological
view of 220
re-socialization
in 88
revision of the
past in 42
rewards of 439
stages of 91
studies of 578
therapeutic value
of xviii, 44
trivial reasons
for 687
universal readiness
for 484
vs. attraction
786
Converts' careers 439
Conviction, therapeutic value of xviii,
711
Coppe, Abiezer (English prophet) career 179
Correspondence, doctrine of in folklore 328
Cosmologies
African 357,
472, 473
American 109,
332, 458
Ghost Dance
249
indigenous 569
Joachimist 555
Maoist 564
Melanesian 364,
371, 604
traditional 222
Counterculture
anomic, and NRMs
679
communitas in
508
symbolism in 113
Coups d'etat, sources of 688
Criminalization as legitimating device 491
Crises
timing of 394
and recourse to
myths 456
Crisis cult, defined 398
Criticism, mutual, at Oneida 529
Cult
defined 513,
560
formation of 300,
560
ideal type of
151
meaning of 366
Cults
carriers of cultural
"genes" 40
deception characteristic
of 243
deviance in 560
polemic against
466
theories of 371
typology of 366,
707
vs. churches 240
vs. sects 571,
716-718, 722
Cultural theory 483
Culture, Freudian theory of 397
Culture crisis and institutions 228
Culture shock theory 352
Cursillo movement 402
Curve of rising action 647
Return to top
D
D'Aurillac, Gerbert (Pope Sylvester II) 244
Dahlén, Ruth (Swedish mystic) 380
Date-setting as heresy 587
De la Vega, Garcilaso (Inca author) 709
Death
as relative deprivation
574
meaningful and
rebellion 303, 482,
586
Defensiveness and encapsulated groups 628
Déima movement 291
history of 391
DeLaurence, William Lauron (American magician) 238
Demonic element in religion 448
Denominational affiliation and cognitive organization 555
Denominations
and religiosity
311, 312
as social type
372
vs. sects and
cults 465
Deobandi movement 24
Deprivation. See also Relative deprivation
and conversion
296
necessary but
insufficient cause 294
types of 294
Deprogramming
and atrocity stories
644
and witch hunts
627
as brainwashing
323
supported by Anti-Cult
movement 126
Deviance
allocations of
246, 218
as movement strategy
497
as self-definition
497
Dialectic
as closed system
459
as explanatory
principle 459
Diggers 49,
210
Dipanagara, Prince (Javanese prophet) 3
Disaster
as millennial
context 17, 58,
638
syndrome 58,
713
Disciples in relation to leaders 301,
688
Disconfirmation, strategies for dealing with 413
Dissent, religious and millennial prophecy 418
Divination
defined 699
principles of
356
Divine Light Mission 220,
265, 554
Divinity, acceptable claims to 739
Doctrine
appeal of logical
coherence in 73
as unrealistic
783
Donatist movement 131,
132
and religious
suicide 580
Drama
curve of rising
action in 300
millennium as
xxix, 647
Dramatization as legitimating device 491
Dualism
in belief systems
xxx
innovative in
apocalypses 306
Duvalier, François and Jean-Claude (Haitian dictators)
688
Return to top
E
Eckhardt, Meister (German mystic) 683
Ecology movement, apocalypticism in 600,
748
Economics in Melanesian cosmology 364
Edwards, Jonathan (American divine) 136,
657
millennialist
thought of 656
Egalitarian politics, contradictions in 507
Elema tribe 175
Encounter movement 336
ahistoricity of
757
and Pietism 527
End of the world, images of, as schizophrenic 430
English Panacea Society 619.
See also Southcott, Joanna
Ephemeral movements, American 377
Epp, Claas Jr. (Mennonite prophet) 76
Eschatology
African-American
248
and types of religion
52
Christian; surveyed
137
consonant with
modernity 684
ecology movement's
600
early Christian
27
fundamentalist,
and nuclear arms 735
Hasidic 597
Islamic 635,
674
Jehovah's Witnesses'
460, 544,
785
Jewish 319,
597
liberal 494
Marxist 782
medieval 565
Nation of Islam's
261, 460
necessity of xxix,
385
new-world pioneers'
236
progressivist
97, 137
schizophrenic
430
types of 106,
353
Eschaton equal to creation 403
est as moral mediator 681
Evangelism, growth of through retention 95
Expressiveness as salvation 753
Extended families and millenarism 546
Return to top
F
Failure
as success in
millennial thought 439
cultural repertoires
of 783
explanation of
783
Faith
and face 413
crisis in among
junior clergy 79
maintenance of
439
Family of Love 39,
518. See also Manson,
Charles, Manson Family
Fang (African tribe) 16
Fard, D.W. (American prophet) 94
Farm, The 336
Father Divine Peace Mission 139,
245, 252
Feminism, sources of 423
Fieldwork
difficulties in
453, 581
methodology 573
Fifth Monarchy Men 210
Fin de siecle, history of 603
Folk belief
Mormon 191
not precluded
by church membership 310
systems of 107
Folk ideas and traditional cosmology 222
Folk psychiatry, overview of 388
Folk religion
attributes of
749
defined 774
vs official 111
Folklore
and millennialism
568
and scientific
fact 358
and social change
568
Christian elements
in 133
Neo-Platonism
in 328
Formulaic composition 585
Fourth Philosophy movement 431
Fox, Robert (English prophet) 44
Franciscan Spirituals 476
and millennialism
552
Frank, Jacob (Jewish prophet) 598
Fresh contact 46
Freud's views of religion 235
Full Gospel Central Church 170
Functionalist theories
defects in 371
in the sociology
of religion 153
Fundamentalism
Christian 46,
115
Islamic 24
Funeral Rites and millennialism 108
Fusion in ritual and theology 68
Future, the. See also Time, Cosmologies
in African cosmology
472
in Joachimist
cosmology 555
nature of 574
Futurology, psychology of 471
Return to top
G
Garrison, William Lloyd (American abolitionist) 302
Garvey, Marcus (Jamaican prophet) 491
influence on black
movements 731
Gedatsu-Kai movement 223
Gemeinde defined 675
Gender roles, inappropriate 103
Ghandi's charismatic tactics 548
Ghost Dance 157,
249, 258,
376, 496,
703,
antecedents of
645
as quest for power
461
BIA and 501
cosmology of 249
cultural significance
of 419
history of 391
Navajo tribe
343, 534
prophetic process
and 532
revives tradition
419
Pawnee tribe
534
Sioux tribe
534
recollections
of 303
suppositious Mormon
influence on 174
white views of
534
Glossolalia. See also Trance
and personality
"improvement" 450
and trance 369
as performance
363, 369
commitment and
345
cross-cultural
similarities in 298, 299
guiding myth in
345
interpretation
of 345
learning of 121
not pathological
570
psychology of
570
temporal process
of 300
typology of 469
Gnosticism
and totalitarianism
733
in early Jewish
literature 182
vs. Christianity
301
God, western ideas of 295
Grace, Daddy (American prophet) 12
Grid and group typology 564
Guru Maharaj Ji (Indian guru) 265
Gush Emunim movement 30
Gusii (tribe) 768
Return to top
H
Handsome Lake (Seneca leader) 703
and mazeway resynthesis
712
prophetic career
712
Quaker influence
on 712
Hasidism 740
Hau Hau movement 3.
See also Pai Maire
Healers and patients 420
Healing as legitimate medicine 214
Hegel, G.W.F. 259
Heresiology as invariant polemic 190
Heresy
and dissent 418
as choice 710
as treason to
God 710
impurity of 689
politics of 710,
784
Heretics, attributes of 689
Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn 679
Himes, Joshua V. (American movement leader) 26,
378
as abolitionist
302
Hinduism as world religion 614
Hippie movement, contradictions in 508
and totalism 508
History
meaninglessness
of 607
in the rhetoric
of NRMs 757
Hitler, Adolf 122
as charismatic
figure 268, 502,
548
Hoa Hoa movement 340
Holiness Church and rituals of spiritual growth 395
Holy Apostles Church 65
Holy Water movement 392
Homeorhesis, defined 423
Honmichi movement 623
Hope and imagination 211
Huichol tribe 508
Human Potential movement
as millennial
384
as shamanism 659
Huniyan, cult of 526
Hussites, history 381
Huxley, Aldous 557
Return to top
I
Ideal Types, sterility of 73
Identity work 395
Ideology
as cultural system
283
as pathological
283
sociology of 621
Idiosyncracy credit 641
Individualism in ideas of death 23
Influence, demographic measures of 739
Influence, religious and interaction 745
Information and structure 449
Inquisition, history of 689
Institutionalization Introduction
in modernity 362
problems of 524
Institutions
and "latency
structures" 682
anti-institutional
558
defined 88
interdependency
of 67
legitimization
of 88
Integration, social levels of 658
Intelligentsia as movement leaders 682.
See also Peasants
Interest theory 283
International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)
624
Inversion, symbolic as corrective feedback 31
Iroquois masking tradition 105
Irvingite movement 11.
See also Catholic Apostolic Church
and relative deviancy
577
Islam 10,
13
African 357
contexts of renewal
in 24
seen as cult 466
Return to top
J
"Janiformity" and world renewal 231
Jehovah's Witnesses 73
and doctrinal
change 665
and Nazis 389
in the Caribbean
362
influence on African
movements 433
revise prophecies
335
Jesus 44
as millenarian
prophet 274
second coming
of, in Islam 130
Jesus People movement 4,
46
as research subjects
581
Jewish Defense League 563
Jews, Messianic 563
Jihads in American history 423
Joachim of Fiore 242,
475, 476, 565
influence of 567
third dispensation
242, 476
Job, Book of 306
John Frum movement 233,
753
history of 391
Jones, Jim 297,
572, 580.
See also Peoples' Temple, Suicide,
religious
Jonestown 203.
See also Peoples' Temple, Suicide,
religious
antecedents of
580
caused by brainwashing
314
wide awareness
of 56
Judaism 13
Jung-Stilling, Johann Heinrich (Austrian novelist) 76
Jurieu, Pierre (French prophet) 210
Return to top
K
Kakistes See Kimbangu
Kaliai tribe 188
Kanwama's movement 620
Karma, nature of 553
Keresan pueblo 334
Kerista movement 336
,A NAME=Kimbangu>Kimbangu movement 41
history of 391
Kimbangu, Simon (African prophet) 16,
753
Kinesthetics and social movements 602
King Ludwig the German 77
King Philip II as Inca savior 709
King, Dr. George (English prophet) 719
Krishnamurti 679
Return to top
L
La Palma Sola movement 362
Lactantius (church father) 476
Lakwena movement 515
Latency structures 682
Leader
begins revitalization
711
interdependent
with movement 688
Leary, Timothy (American guru) 408
Lee, Mother Ann (English prophet) 619.
See also Shakers
as the second
coming 266
Legend
belief and 204
factual basis
of 201
Legitimacy
deep vs. consensual
734
pluralistic 717
Legitimization, preparation as 364
problems of 124
Lenin, V.I. as secular messiah 502,
688
Levellers 210
Levites 34
Levitt, Samuel (utopian novelist) 285
Liberation, symbolic, in cargo cults 446
Liminality. See also Communitas
concept of 695,
696
in millennialism
143, 416
sustains a movement
317
Litch, Josiah (American prophet) 6
Lofland, John critique of methodology
29, 189,
453. See also Network
theory
Love, instability of 775
Lovebombing (Unification Church recruitment technique) 88,
440
Loyola, Ignatius and role theory 380
LSD movement 408
Luria, Isaac (Kabbalist) 740
Lyndon B. Johnson movement 145
Return to top
M
Machiavelli, Nicolo and anti-utopianism 259
Magic 10
belief in 687
essential to salvation
752
Mahdi (Islamic messiah) 130
Mahikari movement 362
Maji Maji movement 5,
357
Mamaia movement 561
Manhattan Project 7
Manson, Charles 39,
518. See also Family
of Love.
and mysticism
776
Mansren movement 233
Marginality
and legitimization
551
and the prophetic
career 586
innovates 697
symbols of 221
Martyrdom and rebellion 586
Marx, Karl 297,
688
Marxism
as inversion of
Roman Catholicism 782
as religion 294,
295, 782
Mather, Cotton (American divine) 657
Matswa, Andre (African prophet) 41
Mazeway 44,
666
and learning theory
449
and role theory
380
concept of 711,
712
critique of 58
disintegration
and shock 713
resynthesis 712
McCarthy, Eugene:
movement as compromise sect 577
Mechanic preachers 210
Meher Baba movement 19
Melville, Herman 86
Men in Black and UFOlogists 583
Mennonites, Russian 76
Mesmerism as source of social anomalies 61
Message, religious, concreteness of 524
necessarily relevant
524
Messiahs as alien 619
Messianic idea, history of 575
Messianism
Brazilian 154,
547
defined 403
in relation to
mysticism 740
Inca 531
Jewish 85,
598
religious vs.
revolutionary 225
types of 546
Methodism basis of African-American religion 252
Millenarism
a category of
failure 209
absent in Mennonitism
76
absurd 741
African 433
ambiguous 259,
400, 502,
670
American 128,
458, 467
American revivals
and 639
as heresy 259
as paradigm shift
396
as political 769
as pre-political
549, 670
as value-added
process 633
awakenings and
59
basis of American
Civil religion 333, 423
Brazilian 205,
545, 569
Ceylonese 462
collectivity and
727
contexts of 602
creativity of
78, 502
defined 177,